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Introduction to Ultrasonic Technology And Applications At Nalanda Labs:

It is an acronym for Sound Navigation & Ranging (SONAR) 

Sonar is the technology of making use of sound waves to navigate, communicate and detect objects which are used for monitoring a particular area 24/7. It detects objects within 180 degrees and up to 8 meters.

The word "sonar" comes from the first letters of "sound navigation ranging." Sonar can detect and locate objects under the sea by echoes, much as porpoises and other marine animals navigate using their natural sonar systems.

In 1906, American naval architect Lewis Nixon invented the first sonar-like listening device to detect icebergs. During World War I (1914-18), a need to detect submarines increased interest in sonar. French physicist Paul Langévin constructed the first sonar set to detect submarines in 1915. At first, these sonar sets could only "listen" to returning signals. By 1918, Britain and the United States had built sonar sets that could send out, as well as receive, sound signals.

There are two types of sonar sets: active and passive. An active sonar set sends out sound pulses called pings, then receives the returning sound echo. Passive sonar sets receive sound echoes without transmitting their own sound signals. In the active sonar sets, the sound signals are very powerful compared with ordinary sounds. Most sonar sets send out sounds that are millions of times more powerful than a shout. Each ping lasts a fraction of a second.

Working: We use Arduino UNO microcontroller which is open source to implement embedded based system. ATMEGA 328 microcontroller send 10-microsecond pulse width to the ultrasonic transmitter, echo back signal receive by TX module of ultrasonic. Then receive pulse width calculated by the microcontroller. We use servo motor on which ultrasonic module is mounted for receive 180-degree signal. 

Microcontroller and processing communicated through UART protocol with the baud rate of 9600. This protocol work on ASCII value. Value of calculated distance transmits from microcontroller to the processing unit. . For measuring speed or direction, a device uses multiple detectors and calculates the speed from the relative distances to particulates in the air or water. Sonar sense different obstacle which are around 180 degrees and upto 250 cm range, visible as a red spot on processing software.

Application:  Sonar is using in air defence systems, marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships; aircraft anti-collision systems; ocean surveillance systems and ground-penetrating radar for geological observations. Ultrasound can be used for measuring wind speed and direction, tank or channel fluid level, and speed through air or water.




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